[Paper] Valid Inference with Synthetic Data via Task Exchangeability
Source: arXiv - 2606.13629v1
Overview
There is a proliferation of work arguing for the use of synthetic data in scientific research. For example, social scientists are arguing for the use of LLM-generated “silicon samples” in pilot studies; AI evaluations increasingly rely on “LLM-as-a-judge” outputs; and proteomics research is accelerated by generative models that produce synthetic protein structures. These developments raise an intriguing possibility: synthetic data may help researchers ask more questions, run more studies, and accelerate discovery. But they also raise a fundamental concern: synthetic data can be biased, noisy, and misspecified. In this work, we propose statistical principles for using synthetic data in scientific research with provable validity guarantees. The key insight is a new technical condition that we call task exchangeability. Informally, this is a requirement that the researcher can identify historical tasks, for which real data is available, such that their current task of interest is exchangeable with the historical tasks in an appropriate mathematical sense. We develop methods for valid inference under task exchangeability, together with extensions that provide guarantees even beyond exchangeability. We demonstrate the framework on public opinion surveys with silicon samples and AI evaluation with autoraters.
Key Contributions
This paper presents research in the following areas:
- stat.ME
- cs.AI
- cs.LG
- stat.ML
Methodology
Please refer to the full paper for detailed methodology.
Practical Implications
This research contributes to the advancement of stat.ME.
Authors
- Lezhi Tan
- Tijana Zrnic
Paper Information
- arXiv ID: 2606.13629v1
- Categories: stat.ME, cs.AI, cs.LG, stat.ML
- Published: June 11, 2026
- PDF: Download PDF