设计安全数字收据协议(DRP)及派生身份、AES-GCM 与 Ed25519 签名

发布: (2025年12月4日 GMT+8 13:43)
4 min read
原文: Dev.to

Source: Dev.to

引言

当今的数字收据存在碎片化问题:商户、发行方、收单方和卡网络使用不同的模式、格式和隐私模型。
数字收据协议(DRP)旨在引入一种统一的、基于同意、端到端加密、可验证、用户可控的行项目收据可移植性标准。

本文提出了 DRP 胶囊(Capsule)架构,包括:

  • 派生身份
  • AES‑GCM 加密
  • Ed25519 完整性保护
  • 与 NIST SP 800‑171 Rev.3 和 PCI DSS v4.0 的强对齐
  • 完整的 Python 参考实现

架构原则

  • 用户持有长期根密钥。
  • 为每个商户创建一个伪匿名身份。
  • 为每张收据使用唯一的对称密钥加密。

这些措施确保了不可关联性、隐私性和密码学隔离。

DRP 胶囊结构

DRP 胶囊由以下部分组成:

  • Header – 公共元数据,无敏感数据,受完整性保护。
  • Ciphertext – 使用 AES‑256‑GCM 加密的声明。
  • Signature – 对确定性摘要进行的 Ed25519 发行者签名。

合规对齐

实现中包含注释,将密码学操作映射到:

  • NIST 800‑171 Rev.3 控制

    • SC‑13(密码保护)
    • SC‑28(静止数据)
    • IA‑5(认证器/密钥管理)
    • AU‑2 / AU‑3(可审计性)
  • PCI DSS v4.0 控制

    • Req.3(保护存储的 PAN 数据)
    • Req.4(加密传输)
    • Req.6.4.3(安全密码设计)

完整的 Python 实现

"""
This implementation is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.
Compliance-oriented inline notes reference:
NIST SP 800-171 Rev.3 (SC-13, SC-28, IA-5, AU-2, AU-3)
PCI DSS v4.0 (Req.3, Req.4, Req.6.4.3)
Goal:
Derived Identities
AES-256-GCM
Ed25519 issuer signatures
"""
from dataclasses import dataclass, asdict
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers.aead import AESGCM
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ed25519 import (
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes, serialization

@dataclass
class DerivedIdentityWallet:
    def __init__(self, root_secret: bytes):
        self._root_secret = root_secret

    def derive_user_key(self, merchant_context: str) -> bytes:
        """AES-256 key derivation using HKDF."""
        hkdf = HKDF(
            algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
            length=32,
            salt=None,
            info=merchant_context.encode(),
        )
        return hkdf.derive(self._root_secret)

    def derive_user_pseudonym(self, merchant_context: str) -> str:
        """Privacy-preserving pseudonymous ID."""
        hkdf = HKDF(
            algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
            length=32,
            salt=None,
            info=(merchant_context + "|pseudonym").encode(),
        )
        raw = hkdf.derive(self._root_secret)

        digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256())
        digest.update(raw)
        return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(digest.finalize()).decode()

def encrypt_receipt_claims(claims: ReceiptClaims, key: bytes):
    ...

def generate_issuer_keypair() -> Ed25519PrivateKey:
    ...

def export_public_key_pem(pk: Ed25519PublicKey) -> str:
    ...

def sign_capsule_digest(priv: Ed25519PrivateKey, header, nonce_b64, ciphertext_b64):
    h = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256())
    h.update(capsule)
    digest = h.finalize()
    return priv.sign(digest)

def verify_drp_capsule(capsule: DRPCapsule, pub: Ed25519PublicKey):
    h = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256())
    h.update(data)
    digest = h.finalize()
    sig = base64.b64decode(capsule.issuer_signature)
    try:
        pub.verify(sig, digest)
        return True
    except Exception:
        return False

def decrypt_drp_capsule(capsule: DRPCapsule, key: bytes) -> ReceiptClaims:
    items = [LineItem(**it) for it in raw["line_items"]]
    return ReceiptClaims(**{**raw, "line_items": items})

def issue_drp_capsule(claims, wallet, issuer_priv):
    nonce, ciphertext = encrypt_receipt_claims(claims, key)

    nonce_b64 = base64.b64encode(nonce).decode()
    ct_b64 = base64.b64encode(ciphertext).decode()

    header = DRPHeader(
        drp_version="1.0.0",
        capsule_id=base64.b32encode(os.urandom(10)).decode().rstrip("="),
        issuer_id=claims.merchant_id,
        schema_id="DRP-RECEIPT-V1",
        country_code=claims.country_code,
    )

    sig = sign_capsule_digest(issuer_priv, header, nonce_b64, ct_b64)

    return DRPCapsule(
        header=header,
        ciphertext=ct_b64,
        nonce=nonce_b64,
        issuer_signature=base64.b64encode(sig).decode(),
    )

if __name__ == "__main__":
    issuer_priv = generate_issuer_keypair()
    issuer_pub = issuer_priv.public_key()

    items = [
        LineItem("SKU1", "Coffee 1kg", 1, 15.99, 0.07),
        LineItem("SKU2", "Cup", 2, 8.50, 0.07),
    ]

    subtotal = sum(i.unit_price * i.quantity for i in items)
    tax = sum(i.unit_price * i.quantity * i.tax_rate for i in items)

    claims = ReceiptClaims(
        merchant_id="MRC-001",
        terminal_id="POS-01",
        country_code="US",
        currency="USD",
        total_amount=round(subtotal + tax, 2),
        tax_amount=round(tax, 2),
        timestamp_utc=int(time.time()),
        card_network="VISA",
        network_profile="VISA-US-2025",
        pan_token="tok_visa_4242",
        auth_code="AUTH123",
        line_items=items,
    )

    capsule = issue_drp_capsule(claims, wallet, issuer_priv)

    print("VALID SIGNATURE:", verify_drp_capsule(capsule, issuer_pub))

    key = wallet.derive_user_key("MRC-001|VISA-US-2025")
    recovered = decrypt_drp_capsule(capsule, key)

    print(json.dumps(asdict(recovered), indent=2))

图示

图 1 – DRP 胶囊架构

Integrity-protected via Ed25519 signature

Confidentiality + Integrity (AEAD)

Issuer authentication & non-repudiation

图 2 – 派生身份钱包(密钥层次结构)

Root Secret (32 bytes)
(Never leaves secure enclave)


HKDF (merchant_context = "merchant_id | network_profile")

├─ Derived User Key
├─ Derived Pseudonym
└─ Derived Identifier (optional)

图 3 – 发放流程(商户 → 用户钱包)
(示意流程,代码中未展示)

图 4 – 验证与解密流程

Wallet Derives Key via HKDF


AES‑GCM Decryption


Reconstruct Receipt Claims


Decrypted Receipt (Plain)
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