🚀 'Vector Sharding': 알파벳이 없는 도서관을 조직하는 방법 📚🧩

Source: Dev.to

Welcome back to our AI at Scale series! 🚀
In our last post we explored Semantic Caching—the “brainy” way to save money and time by remembering what we’ve already asked our AI. As your application grows from a few thousand users to millions, you hit a massive wall: the memory limit.

The Challenge of Vector Databases

Imagine you are the librarian of the world’s most advanced library. Instead of books being organized by title, they are organized by “vibe” (vectors). If someone wants a book about “lonely robots in space,” you have to search the entire library to find the closest match.

• Memory: You can’t fit the index of 1 billion “vibes” in a single server’s RAM.
• Speed: Searching through a billion items for every user request is slow—even for a computer.

Sharding: Splitting the Library

When one machine is too small for the job, we shard.

Sharding is the process of splitting a massive database into smaller, manageable chunks called shards. Each shard lives on a different server.

Traditional vs. Vector Sharding

Two Main Approaches

1. Uniform Distribution

1. Spread your 1 billion vectors across 10 servers (≈100 million each).
2. Aggregator sends each query to all 10 servers simultaneously.
3. Merge: Each server returns its top 5 matches (total 50). The aggregator picks the best of the best.

2. Metadata‑Based Sharding

If your data has clear categories (e.g., “Language” or “Product Category”), shard based on those metadata tags.

• Benefit: If a user searches only within “Medical Research,” you query only the “Medical” shards, leaving “Sports” and “Cooking” shards free for other traffic.

HNSW and Memory Constraints

Most modern vector databases use HNSW (Hierarchical Navigable Small World), a “six degrees of separation” map for high‑dimensional data.

• RAM Requirement: HNSW needs to live in RAM to be fast.
• Problem: A 500 GB index on a server with 128 GB RAM forces swapping to disk, turning a 50 ms search into several seconds.

Sharding keeps each HNSW index small enough to stay entirely in high‑speed memory.

Trade‑offs and Engineering Considerations

• Replication: If a shard server fails, you lose that portion of memory. Replicas of every shard are required for resilience.
• Rebalancing: As data grows, some shards become “hotter.” Moving millions of vectors between servers while the system is live is a major engineering challenge.

Why Vector Sharding Matters

Vector sharding is the difference between a cool AI demo and a top‑tier AI platform. It forces high‑dimensional math to work within the physical limits of hardware.

Next in the “AI at Scale” series: Rate Limiting for LLM APIs — How to keep your API keys from melting under pressure.